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Reamker (Khmer: រាមកេរ្តិ៍[riːəmkeː], also romanized as Ramakerti) is a Cambodianepic poem, based on the Sanskrit's Ramayanaepic. The name means 'Glory of Rama'. The earliest mention of this epic's manuscript in Cambodia dated back in 7th century based on Veal Kantel inscription (K.359).[1][2] While, the surviving text of Reamker dates from 16th century.[3][4][5] Reamker adapts the Hindu ideas to Buddhist themes and shows the balance of good and evil in the world. More than just a reordering of the epic tale, the Reamker is a mainstay of the royal ballet's repertoire. Like the Ramayana, it is a philosophical allegory, exploring the ideals of justice and fidelity as embodied by the protagonists, King Rama and Queen Sita. The epic is well known among the Khmer people for its portrayal in Khmer dance theatre, called the L'khaon, in various festivals across Cambodia. Scenes from the Reamker are painted on the walls of the Royal Palace in Khmer style, and its predecessor is carved into the walls of the Angkor Wat and Banteay Srei temples. It is considered an integral part of Cambodian culture.
The Reamker differs from the original Ramayana in some ways, featuring additional scenes and emphasis on Hanuman and Sovanna Maccha.[6]
In the Reamker, issues of trust, loyalty, love, and revenge play out in dramatic encounters among princes and giants, monkeys and mermaids, and a forlorn princess. Though it is understood that Preah Ream is an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu, his characteristics and those of the others in the story are interpreted in Cambodia as those of mere mortals, not of the gods as is the case in India. The complex interplay of strengths and weaknesses, though couched in episodes lined with magic, nonetheless represents a decidedly human social behavior.
As in other Southeast Asian countries, the Rama story in Cambodia is not confined to the realm of literature but extends to all Cambodian art forms, from sculpture to dance drama, painting and art. Another epic, Lpoek Angkor Vat ('The Story of Angkor Wat'), which dates from the beginning of the 17th century, celebrates the magnificent temple complex at Angkor and describes the bas-reliefs in the temple galleries that portray the Rama story.
History[edit]
The original Ramayana arrived to Southeast Asia from South India along with Hinduism, but its retelling there suggests Buddhist influence.
The exact time when was Ramayana introduced to Cambodia is unknown, however, the earliest mentioning of the epic dated to 7th century according to a stone inscription at Veal Kantel, Stueng Treng. Based on the same inscription, the manuscript of this epic already existed in Cambodia as the inscription mentioned the offering of the epic's manuscript to a temple which expressed its importance in Khmer belief.[2][1] On the other hand, the surviving text of Reamker dated in 16th century.[5][4][3] Intricate carvings on the walls of Angkor Wat depict a scene from the Ramayana dating back nearly a millennium. Statues of the poem's heroes were worshiped in temple sanctuaries, akin to the wall paintings at Cambodia's Royal Palace and Wat Bo. The Ramayana has been an important epic in India for at least two thousand years, and Reamker is its Khmer adaptation. The Cambodian version includes incidents and details not found in the Sanskrit original written by the poet Valmiki. An example of a story that does not appear in Indian texts and performance is that of the encounter between Hanuman, the monkey general, and Sovanna Maccha, the mermaid, a favorite of Cambodian audiences.[6]
Literary Text of Reamker[edit]
The exact time or when was Ramaya or Reamker text existed in Cambodia is unknown. However, plenty of art works and inscriptions mentioning the epic were made throughout ancient Cambodia (Funan, Chenla, and Angkor). The earliest evidence regarding the presence of Ramayana text in Cambodia can be found in a 7th century inscription of Veal Kantel (K.359), where it mentioned the offering of Mahabhrata and Ramayana manuscripts to the temple as well as the daily recitation of the texts.[2]
The Khmer version of Ramayana bears the name Reamker (Ramakerti)-literally means 'The Glory of Rama'. Indeed, the story of Rama is present in both art and literature throughout the history of Cambodia. Cambodian Ramayana contains some incidents that could not find in Valmiki's Ramayana. For instance, the episode of the destruction of Rama's causeway connecting Lanka by fishes and the reconstruction of this causeway as portrayed in a lintel of a Khmer temple at Phimai is believed to have emerged from a local development or the imagination of narrator.[2] However, no literary work prior to 15th century has survived but numerous stone inscriptions or epigraphs have been preserved. From 15th century onward, the story of Rama became an impetus in Khmer literature, mainly in the epic genre, whereby the lengthy poems were composed as recitatives for the masked drama called Khol.[2]
Poems narrating the story or the fame of Rama, called Reamker or Ramakerti appeared in the middle period of Khmer History. The surviving literary text of Reamker dated back to 16th century. This Reamker text was composed by at least three unknown authors over centuries and divided into two part.[7][3]
The first part was composed between 16th to 17th century. The earliest writing accounts for about a fifth of the first part, covering the main events of the Bālakāṇḍa and Ayodhyakāṇḍa. It continued in the 17th century up to the episode where Ravana assembles the remnants of his army for the last battle with Rama. But the episode concerning Ravan's death, the rescue of Sita and her trial by fire, and the triumphant return to Ayodhya are all missing.
The second part of Reamker was composed in 18th century deals specifically with the later history of Rama and Sita. This part includes Sita's second rejection and exile, the birth of their two sons, the meeting again, and Sita's going down to the earth.[3]
The Reamker differs from the original Ramayana in some ways, featuring additional scenes and emphasis on Hanuman and Sovanna Maccha in which this scene occurs during the construction of causeway connecting Lanka.[6]
Reamker is also mentioned in another literature called L'berk Angkor Wat ('The Story of Angkor Wat') written in 1620 by Khmer author-Pang Tat (or Nak Pang), celebrating the magnificent temple complex of Angkor Wat and describing the bas-reliefs in the temple galleries that portray the Rama story.[7]
In 1900s, Ta Krud and Ta Chak were the two old men famous for their remarkable memory and ability to narrate the whole Reamker story orally and beautifully with gesture. In 1920, Ta Chak found voluminous manuscripts of Reamker story on latanier leaves in a pagoda south of Angkor Wat temple during his monk-hood and he learnt to remember the script by heart. In 1969, Ta Chak's oral narration were recorded and his narration lasted 10 days at the rate of five hours per day. However, he died earlier before he could manage to narrate the remaining episodes.[2]
Many versions of Reamker are available in Cambodia. Nowadays, Reamker is considered as Cambodian national epic which plays significant role in Cambodian literature[8] and extends to all Cambodian art forms, from sculpture to dance drama, painting and art.
Central plot[edit]
The Reamker plot begins with its protagonist, Phreah Ream or Rama, being sent into exile by one of the queen mothers who wanted her own son to inherit the throne. After being sent to the forest, Phreah Ream is joined by his beautiful and faithful wife Neang Seda (Sita), whom the prince won from her father by being the only Prince who successfully completed the father's challenge of firing arrows through a spinning wheel with spokes. Praeh Leak (Lakshmana), the younger brother of Phreah Ream, is concerned about his older brother and joins Neang Seda.[9]
While entering the forest, Neang Seda and Preah Leak meet the rakshasi Surpanakhar (Surphanakha) who first attempts to seduce Preah Ream, and then Preah Leak. Preah Leak, annoyed by the demon's action, cuts off her ear and nose. The butchered Surpanakhar thirsting for revenge went to her ten-headed brother Krong Reap (Ravana), invincible lord of the island of Lanka. Krong Reap secretly goes to the forest. When he first set eyes on Neang Seda, he was awed by her divine beauty. Krong Reap transforms himself as a golden deer and runs past the party of three. Preah Ream realizes that the deer is not a real deer, however, at Neang Seda's insistence Preah Ream chases it after telling his younger brother to stay and guard his wife. Krong Reap then mimics Preah Ream's voice and calls for his brother to come and save him. Although Preah Leak knows that it is not his brother calling out, he is forced to go at Neang Seda's insistence. However, before he leaves he draws a magical circle around his brother's wife in the dirt that will prevent anything from entering the circle. Krong Reap disguises himself as an old errant and easily tricks Neang Seda's to step outside the circle, after which he abducts her. Preah Ream and Preah Leak return and desperately search for Neang Seda and, in the meantime, they assist the monkey king Sukreep (Sugriva) to destroy his rival Pali Thirat (Vali) and regain his throne. Thanking the two, Sukreep sends the monkey warrior Hanuman to aid them in their search. Hanuman, the son of the wind god, flies out to discover that the demon Krong Reap held Neang Seda prisoner on the island of Lanka.[10]
Hanuman order his soldiers to build a bridge of stone to connect the island Lanka to the mainland. While gathering stones, Hanuman realizes that mermaids were stealing stones to prevent the construction of the bridge. He was roused by this and decides to capture the mermaid princess Neang Machha but falls deeply in love with her. The mermaid likewise falls in love, and thus her mermaid army ceases to tamper in Hanuman's business. The bridge built, Preah Ream and Krong Reap face each other in combat. However, Krong Reap quickly regenerates and damage done to him or any body part that is cut off. It is not until one of Krong Reap's generals defects and discloses the secret to slaying the demon - an arrow in the belly button. With Hanuman's aid, they slay the demon. Preah Ream, victorious in his battles, returns to the capital of Ayuthya and ascends the throne. Preah Ream suspects infidelity as his wife was captive of a very smart and manipulative demon. Trust issues between him and his wife Neang Seda arise after his wife draws a picture of Krong Reap at the insistence of her maid servant (as the demon's true face was said to be the ugliest face there was). Fearing her husband's jealousy, Neang Seda puts the picture under the mattress when she is unexpectedly interrupted. Krong Reap's power extends to the picture and that night spikes grow from it and poke Preah Ream through the mattress. He discovers the picture and believes that it confirms his suspicion that his wife succumbed to Krong Reap's persistent attempts to bed her over the years that she was held prisoner. However, Neang Seda had resisted all Krong Reap's attempts, even that in which Krong Reap transformed himself into her husband. Only his scent had given his disguise away. Preah Ream forces his wife to take the trial of fire to prove she is still pure. Neang Seda passes the test. However, Neang Seda is deeply offended by her husband's lack of trust in her and his lack of belief in her word. She decides to leave and find refuge with Valmiki the wiseman, where she gives birth to twin boys. They met their father and he immediately recognizes who they are and takes them to his palace.[11]
Characters[edit]
Humans[edit]
- Preah Ream[preəh riːəm], is the main protagonist of the epic. He is believed to be the reincarnation of the Hindu deity Vishnu and the husband of Neang Seda and the father of two boys.
- Neang Seda[niːəɳ seːda], the female protagonist of the epic and wife of Preah Ream. She gives birth to his two children, but fails to meet happiness at the end of the story. In the epic, she endured the trial of fire.
- Preah Leak[preəh leək], is the brother of Preah Ream and his aid to fight Krong Reap and rescue Neang Seda.
Mythical beings[edit]
- Krong Reap[kroɳ riːəp] or simply Reap [riːəp], is the main antagonist of the story. He is the brother of Sopphanakha and captured the beautiful Neang Seda to his island of Langka.
- Hanuman, pronounced as [haʔnomaːn], is the Monkey Warrior who helps rescues Neang Seda. While building the bridge connecting the island of Langka to the mainland, he fell madly in love with the mermaid Princess Sovanna Maccha.
- Neang Maccha, is a mermaid princess who tried to spoil Hanuman's plans to build a bridge to Langka but fell in love with him instead and bears his son Mudchanu
- Sugriva is the Monkey King who sent Hanuman to assist Preah Ream.
- Surpanakhar is the sister of Krong Reap. She failed to seduce Preah Leak and loses her ear and nose as a consequence.
- Mahachompoo is the king of the kingdom of Chompoo and helps Preah Ream fight Krong Reap to reclaim Neang Seda with his 18 monkey army
- Angkhut is the cousin of Hanuman and son of Vali. He helps Preah Ream fight Krong Reap.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- The Treasures of Angkor ISBN88-544-0117-X
References[edit]
- ^ abLeng, Sirang. 'Reamker Performance in Khmer Society_English Version'.Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ abcdefIyengar, Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa (2005). Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia : Their Cultural, Social and Anthropological Significance', New Delhi, January 1981. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN9788126018093.
- ^ abcdMarrison, G. E. (January 1989). 'Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian version of the Rāmāyaṇa.* a review article'. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 121 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00167917. ISSN2051-2066.
- ^ ab'Khmer literature'. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
- ^ ab'Reamker'. Asia Society. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
- ^ abcLe Reamker - Description of Ream Ker in French
- ^ ab'Khmer literature'. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- ^'National epic', Wikipedia, 2019-09-11, retrieved 2019-09-12
- ^The Reamker - an article by Toni Shapiro
- ^Reamker Epic Legend - a forum post
- ^Reamker - extensive site on the Reamker
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls | |
---|---|
Directed by | Steve Oedekerk |
Produced by | James G. Robinson |
Written by | Steve Oedekerk |
Based on | Characters by Jack Bernstein |
Starring | |
Music by | Robert Folk |
Cinematography | Donald E. Thorin |
Edited by | Malcolm Campbell |
Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
| |
94 minutes | |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $30 million[1] |
Box office | $212.4 million[2] |
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (also known as Ace Ventura 2: When Nature Calls) is a 1995 American detectivecomedy film and the sequel to Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994). Jim Carrey reprises his role as the title character Ace Ventura, a detective who specializes in retrieval of tame and captive animals, and has been summoned to Africa to locate a missing bat, which happens to be the one creature he despises. Ian McNeice, Simon Callow, and Sophie Okonedo co-star. Tommy Davidson, who co-starred with Carrey on the show In Living Color, makes a cameo appearance in the film.
The film was written and directed by Carrey's close friend Steve Oedekerk, who had also collaborated in the production and as a character consultant for the first film.
Plot[edit]
In the Himalayas, after a failed rescue mission results in a raccoon falling to its death (a parody of Cliffhanger), Ace Ventura succumbs to severe depression and joins a Tibetanmonastery. Once he has recovered, he is approached by Fulton Greenwall, a British correspondent working for a provincial consulate in the fictional African country of Nibia. Because Ace is a liability for the monastery, the Grand Abbot gives Ace excuses to justify his departure, and sends him off with Greenwall.
Greenwall is subjected to Ventura's questionable behavior when he starts mimicking different mating calls, and his reckless driving when they head off to Africa, warning him about the hostility of eastern lowland gorillas as it is mating season. Greenwall wants Ventura to find the Great Whitebat 'Shikaka', a sacred animal of the native Wachati tribe, which disappeared shortly after being offered as dowry of the Wachati Princess, who is set to wed the Wachootoo Prince in a marriage of state. After arriving in Nibia and meeting with consul Vincent Cadby, Ace begins his investigation, but must overcome his fear of bats in order to succeed.
Accompanied by his capuchin monkey, Spike, Ace begins his search for the missing bat. He eventually befriends the tribe's princess, who tries to seduce Ace. However, Ace admits his oath to clerical celibacy, but aggressively masturbates in a hut afterwards. Ace also befriends the tribal prince, Ouda, who assists Ace. Ace's investigation involves eliminating obvious suspects—animal traders, poachers, and a Safari park owner among others—and enduring the growing escalations of threat between the Wachati and the Wachootoo. After being attacked with drugged blow-darts, Ace suspects the medicine-man of the Wachootoo of taking the bat, as he strongly disapproves of the wedding. He travels to the Wachootoo tribal village, with Ouda translating the chief's words rather poorly. The Wachootoo mistake Ace as the 'White Devil', and have him go through many painful and humiliating challenges to gain their trust. He creatively passes them all, and his final challenge is a 'Circle of Death' fight with their toughest warrior—who, although wild, happens to be tiny; Ace disregards him at first but is soon humiliated. In a finishing strike, the warrior throws a spear at Ace's leg, causing him to howl in pain. Ouda throws Ace another spear to help, but it strikes his other leg and causes him further pain; this makes the chief, entire tribe, and even Ouda laugh uproariously, and the Wachootoo grant Ace their trust and release him. Despite this, the Wachootoo declare that if the bat is not returned in time, they will declare war on the Wachati tribe. As a parting joke, Ace is shot in the butt by a non-drugged blow-dart by the Chief to make his people laugh again. As he and Ouda walk back to the village, Ace realizes the dart he was shot with earlier is not the same as the one he was just shot with—meaning the Wachootoo didn't take Shikaka. He eventually finds two Australian poachers with the bat, and he distracts them by mimicking a Silverback mating call. Unfortunately, they don't fall for it and shoot the initial darts into him and take him away.
After coming to, Ace tries to figure out how the poachers are involved with the war between the tribes. Flummoxed by the case, Ace consults the Grand Abbot via astral projection. Advised by the Abbot, Ace deduces that Cadby has taken the bat, having planned to let the tribes destroy each other so that he can then take possession of the numerous bat caves containing guano to sell as fertilizer worth billions. When Ace confronts Cadby, he learns he was hired as Cadby's alibi, and is arrested by tribal security chief Hitu. Ace is helped to escape by an African elephant, and summons herds of jungle animals to destroy Cadby's house. Cadby tries to shoot Ace, but is stopped by Greenwall who punches him in the face. Cadby escapes with the bat in a car, but Ace follows him in a monster truck. Ace destroys Cadby's car, leaving the bat cage lodged in a tree.
Ace, despite his chronic fear of bats, courageously yet dramatically returns the bat just as the tribes are about to meet on the battlefield. Cadby, watching nearby, is discovered by Ouda. Ouda calls him the 'White Devil' to give Ace more time, and Cadby is pursued by both tribes. After escaping, he encounters a female amorous silverback eastern lowland gorilla who appears to have mistaken him for a mate. The Wachati Princess is married to the Wachootoo Prince, who is revealed to be the 'tiny, wild' warrior who humiliated Ace during the 'Circle of Death' tribal challenge earlier. Moments later, it is discovered that the young bride is no longer a virgin, on Ace's account. Despite this, peace between the once-separate tribes is achieved when the two tribes join together and chase after Ace.
Cast[edit]
- Jim Carrey as Ace Ventura
- Ian McNeice as Fulton Greenwall
- Simon Callow as Vincent Cadby
- Maynard Eziashi as Prince Ouda
- Bob Gunton as Burton Quinn
- Damon Standifer as the Wachati Chief
- Sophie Okonedo as the Wachati Princess
- Arsenio 'Sonny' Trinidad as Ashram Monk aka The Grand Abbot
- Danny D. Daniels as Wachootoo Shaman
- Andrew Steel as Mick Katie
- Bruce Spence as Gahjii
- Adewale as Hitu
- Tommy Davidson as the Tiny Warrior/Wachootoo Prince
- Michael Reid McKay as the Skinny Husband (the Monopoly Guy)
Warrior Movie Wiki
Production[edit]
Filming[edit]
Filming began under Tom DeCerchio, who later directed Celtic Pride (1996).[3][better source needed] Because of the success of the first film, Morgan Creek Entertainment Group gave lead-actor Jim Carrey the power to decide the director. In April 1995, Carrey had DeCerchio replaced with Steve Oedekerk, who had worked on the film's predecessor as a script consultant and wrote the screenplay for this film, but had no previous experience with directing feature films. Spike Jonze wanted to direct the film, but Carrey turned him down as he also had no experience but he mainly didn't know him well enough. Carrey claims this to be one of his biggest regrets.[4] However, Carrey stated he doesn't regret enlisting Oedekerk to direct as they were friends with creative similarities, which included improvising, changing scenes during filming, and had a vast understanding of the main character.[5] In June 1995, scenes were shot in South Carolina.[5] The following month, filming took place outside Hondo, near San Antonio, Texas.[6]
Chinese Monkey Warrior
Part of the film was also shot in British Columbia, Canada. The film was shot in Super 35.[citation needed] Carrey was paid $10 million for his role due to Oedekerk's authority as director.[5]
Music[edit]
Soundtrack[edit]
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls is a 1995 soundtrack on this film by composer Robert Folk.
- 'Spirits in the Material World' – 4:41 (Sting and Pato Banton)
- 'Secret Agent Man' – 2:16 (Blues Traveler)
- 'Don't Change' – 3:41 (Goo Goo Dolls)
- 'Burnin' Rubber' – 3:18 (Mr. Mirainga)
- 'Boll Weevil' – 3:17 (The Presidents of the United States of America)
- 'Blur the Technicolor' – 4:09 (White Zombie)
- 'Watusi Rodeo' – 2:35 (The Reverend Horton Heat)
- 'Here Comes the Night' – 3:28 (Native)
- 'Jungle Groove' – 5:13 (Montell Jordan)
- 'Ife' – 4:23 (Angélique Kidjo)
- 'My Pet' – 2:47 (Matthew Sweet)
- 'It's Aliright' – 4:54 (Blessid Union of Souls)
- 'Ace in Africa' – 4:40 (Robert Folk)
Release[edit]
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls was released on November 10, 1995.[2]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $37,804,076 during its opening weekend, taking the #1 spot. In the U.S. and Canada, the film grossed $108.3 million, and in other territories, it grossed $104 million. The worldwide gross was $212.3 million. Against its $30 million budget, Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls was a major financial success.[2]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 25% based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, 'Nature Calls in this Ace Ventura sequel, and it's answered by the law of diminishing returns.'[7] On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating 'mixed or average reviews'.[8] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.[9]
Accolades[edit]
1996 ASCAP Award
- Top Box Office Films – Robert Folk (Won)
Golden eagle casino online. 1996 American Comedy Award
- Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture (Leading Role) – Jim Carrey (Nominated)
1996 Kid's Choice Awards
- Favorite Movie – (Won)
- Favorite Movie Actor – Jim Carrey (Won)
1996 MTV Movie Awards
- Best Male Performance – Jim Carrey (Won)
- Best Comedic Performance – Jim Carrey (Won)
- Best Kiss – Jim Carrey and Sophie Okonedo (Nominated)
1996 Razzie Awards
- Worst Remake or Sequel – James G. Robinson (Nominated)
1996 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards[10]
- Worst Picture – James G. Robinson (Nominated)
- Worst Actor – Jim Carrey (Nominated)
- Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy – James G. Robinson (Won)
- Worst Sequel – James G. Robinson (Won)
- The Sequel Nobody Was Clamoring For – James G. Robinson (Nominated)
References[edit]
- ^'Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls - Box Office Data, Movie News, Cast Information - The Numbers'. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
- ^ abc'Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)'. Box Office Mojo. 1996-03-02. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
- ^'Tom DeCerchio'. IMDb.
- ^'Jim Carrey Has Always Regretted Turning Down Spike Jonze As Director of Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls'. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
- ^ abcWechsler, Pat; Friedman, Roger D. (1995-06-05). 'Jim Carrey, Remote Control Director'. New York. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
- ^Schruers, Fred (1995-07-13). 'Jim Carrey: Bare Facts and Shocking Revelations'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
- ^'Ace Ventura - When Nature Calls (1995)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
- ^'Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls Reviews'. Metacritic. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
- ^'Cinemascore'. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20.
- ^'Past Winners Database'. 2007-01-03. Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
External links[edit]
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